Add an Interview. Please help us protect Glassdoor by verifying that you're a We do not claim our questions will be asked in any interview you may have. for 5 critical projects of the company with on-time delivery. Businesses like Coinbase need appropriate applications for their current size and activity level but which also can grow as the business grows. This experience tells me they do not know how to recruit good candidates, since if you pause at any point you will be rejected, regardless of your other data points, which is a huge red flag for the company since any passing candidate wouldn't give a data point for how they work under pressure. I also ask my peers to review my work during the development stage. Be the first to find this interview helpful, - Dallas-Fort Worth, TX, United States Area. I then search my libraries to see if I have code that I can apply to the application. I cleated both phone screen and system design and appeared for the final round. I applied through an employee referral. Free interview details posted anonymously by Coinbase interview candidates. Wenn This is a general question that asks you to characterize what makes a software program efficient and effective. This employer has claimed their Employer Profile and is engaged in the Glassdoor community. The remainder of the day is spent reviewing my work, meeting with my manager, collaborating with other coders on my team, and learning new coding technologies and methodologies.". I didnt do well on the second one so it makes sense why I got rejected. LinkedIn shows just one Software Engineer in India so far. This question is asking about your familiarity with a specific process used in software development. This was conducted for a remote position to work from Brazil. Ask The Interviewer: Work From Home Edition, Cover Letters are Hard to Write, But This is Why They Matter. A free inside look at Coinbase salary trends based on 69 salaries wages for 24 jobs at Coinbase. wealthsimple software engineer interview. Liked by Armaan Dhanoa. DM me! This makes responding to questions during the interview easier because you don't have to think about how to structure your answer. Applications of Bitcoin Scripts 14:49. Get started with your Free Employer Profile, The Ultimate Job Interview Preparation Guide. Seems like they are taking interviews to prove a point that they can reject candidates even after they are good at what they do. "The first step in a software development lifecycle process is to define the requirements for an application. ", "I think a great software engineer thinks about the product requirements and the customer that will use this software. Reviewed by interviewers. What makes you great? 5 Coinbase Software Engineering Manager interview questions and 3 interview reviews. This differs from a queue, which processes data as first-in, first-out. 3- Second Pair programming (React) "When programming in Ruby, I would implement Dijkstra's Shortest Path by creating an algorithm to identify the shortest path between two nodes which have positive-edge weights within the graph. Sometimes, a Triplebyte quiz is also sent over in the interview loop. "When I'm asked to review another team member's code, the first thing I look for is that the code is efficient and follows our organization's guidelines. Typically, there are three stages to software engineer interviews at Coinbase: recruiter screen, technical screen, and on-site. Every software engineer has errors in the code they create. Less time than scheduled . Do your own thing not for someone else invest in yourself. I then create code for each operation within the application. Only if you clear both above, then they let you move forward to final round Company: Coinbase Location: Frankfort, KY (On Site), United States Posted on: February 25 To prepare for these interviews, we recommend reviewing our data structures and algorithms modules in our software engineering course and practicing data structures questions in our interview question database. Infoedge : Pckg : 17lpa fixed Location : noida message, please email The other is Functional Programming. Interview Questions. to let us know you're having trouble. Often during an interview, you are asked to define two terms used in the job and contrast them. What sets you apart? These include using adaptive images, employing a cache, minimizing the number of plugins you use, compressing the content, and enabling HTTP to keep-alive response headers. Questions were not too difficult, but did require some more thinking (not directly from LC) and I would consider them trickier than other interviews I've done at some of the FAANG level companies. Hackerrank with 2 medium questions, then a Phone Interview with a software engineer where I was asked about implementing a stock buy/sell program. In a recent telecasted interview, Armstrong also cited reasons for its recent removal of rival The post Coinbase CEO . "As odd as it sounds, I do enjoy programming and creating applications outside of work. Interview. Netflix Software Engineer Salaries | $225K-$506K+ | Levels.fyi Just do leetcode and you'll be fine. Asked very ambiguous questions and also strangely specific questions about particular financial products when I thought discussing the architecture of a flow desk was more important than the particular products traded. This question's broad nature also indicates that the interviewer will likely ask a follow-up question regardless of how you respond to their original question. Senior Software Engineer at Coinbase | Ex-Amazon | Ex-Microsoft Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Our goal is to create interview questions and answers that will best prepare you for your interview, and that means we do not want you to memorize our answers. Here's our guide on how to land the Figma software engineer interview. Coinbase | 650,820 followers on LinkedIn. Since this is an operational question, your answer should be direct and to the point. When the code is perfect and test cases pass in front of interviewer's eyes and the interviewee is communicative then it just boils down to personal preference. Wir entschuldigen uns fr die Umstnde. Interviews at Coinbase Experience Negative 60% Neutral 40% Getting an Interview Applied online 67% Recruiter 33% Difficulty 2.8 Average Hard Average Easy Interviews for Top Jobs at Coinbase Software Engineer (76) Senior Software Engineer (32) Software Engineer (Internship) (16) Software Engineer New Grad (13) See more interviews for top jobs Describe the process of building a trading application from scratch. You can prepare for the interview by understanding the organization's mission, the role of the job you are interviewing for, and how you can help them achieve one of these three objectives. React components as mentioned here before! The Coinbase SWE interview stages are: First, candidates speak with a member of the HR department regarding their role, Then, there is a single round of pair programming, lasting at least one hour, 1 - 2 rounds of interviews with engineering managers, 1 - 2 more rounds of pair programming problems, "Many people confuse these two terms. | Founded in June of 2012, Coinbase is a digital currency wallet and platform where merchants and . - Worked on https://clay.run. In 2021, Americans filed more than 550,000 complaints with the FBI regarding these types of crimes, resulting in reported losses exceeding $6.9 billion. "During a normal day, I spend about 60% of my time writing code. Recruiter Screen The 30-minute recruiter phone screen is fairly straightforward and mostly asks questions based on your resume and fit for the software engineer role. Read our Terms of Use for more information. I interviewed at Coinbase (Toronto, ON) in Jan 2022. Coding challenge is difficult but the coding interview was really quite easy. Does the joining bonus come with clawback policy ?Amazon Amazon India Amazon Web Services Google Coinbase, Hi fishes The final step is to get sign-off from the users. Riverbed Technology. "I generally work in Ruby, so the first thing I do when building a single page application is diagram it based on the functional and non-functional requirements. 3.building something Anyone looking to join Coinbase? I interviewed at Coinbase in Jun 2021. The best way to prepare for system design interviews is to watch our practice system design interviews like this one on Facebook's news feed, and try your hand at some practice system design questions in our interview question database. Communicative interaction is important, so as certain level of programming. Apart from this, here I have also discussed i detail about the different levels of Software engineer in Coinbase. Open to all locations. Okay.it Could have been better. Coinbase is committed to diversity in its workforce and is proud to be an Equal Opportunity Employer. When comparing two concepts, you should first define each of them and then discuss how they differ. The Coinbase interviewer will ask this type of question to explore your knowledge, skills, experience, and qualifications for this job. Introduction DAY IN THE LIFE OF A SOFTWARE ENGINEER AT COINBASE (WFH EDITION!) Help me in cmmt box I'll be there for discussion This will ensure that you respond to the right question and provide the interviewer with the information they seek. I interviewed at Coinbase in Jan 2022. Even though I solved problems in both pair programming round, I was still rejected. This is most important for me View other Companies or Job Postings. Clear communication is stressed and being able to finish the question as well. franklin templeton investment Pckg: 11.5lpa fixed + 2lpa JB + 2.5LPA variable I am an experienced and self-taught full stack developer, with high experience on building user friendly websites and applications for desktop and mobile devices. First you need to convert the problem to a shortest path problem. Otherwise, you risk alienating the interviewee as they might feel like they are not good enough to interview at your company (unless that was the plan all along, then keep it up). Wht should I choose The median compensation package totals $483K. Coinbase's interviews are either frontend-focused or algorithmic depending on which interview loop you select. The process took 2 months. I was pretty surprised I didn't get an offer when I performed so well on everything else, and honestly do not think it is possible to get an offer unless you ace all 4 interviews. Be sure to read our guide on the interview stages and types of questions before the interview. "There are several ways you can accelerate the response time of a website. "The process I use to create a program begins with gaining a thorough understanding of the requirements for the application. This is why they are likely to ask you about activities outside of the workspace and personal interests you may have. I define them as a computer program that is a set of code that executes specific tasks. Make sure you have your A game on. You should be prepared for follow-up questions any time you answer an operational question. Coinbase is one of the hottest fin-tech companies and growing rapidly, so software engineers at Coinbase have the opportunity to work with a variety of complex, highly technical systems that have immediate and radical impact to millions around the world. Se continui a visualizzare Ajude-nos a manter o Glassdoor seguro confirmando que voc uma pessoa de You can often identify the type of question you're being asked by how the interviewer asks it. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, creed, gender, national origin, age, disability, veteran status, sex, gender expression or identity, sexual orientation or any other . Anyone know someone in Coinbase that can discuss privacy in crypto? Customer Experience Specialist. This is an example of a hybrid operational and technical question. Applied through a recruiter and received an online assessment, HackerRank. Also, it prevents them from reprograming the applications or adopting new ones when the business activity increases beyond the capability of the current program. They asked the usual File System question everyone is raving about and even after acing it in 40 minutes I received a reject. Always make sure that the interviewer completes the question before you begin to formulate your answer. The Coinbase interviewer is likely to ask several follow-up questions to explore this topic in more detail. When answering an operational question, you should walk the interviewer through the process briefly and directly. Consisted of one system design interview, a hiring manager (behavioral) interview, and two pair programming interviews. Administering the full life cycle of software development. Next, you should carefully review the processes you use as a software engineer to develop programs. The process took 2 weeks. Anonymous Interview Candidate in San Francisco, CA, I applied online. When practicing interview questions, you'll note that your response is typically structured in a specific way. A better approach to answering this question is to acknowledge that you make errors and you have a process you use to identify and correct them. franklin templeton investment Pckg: 11.5lpa fixed + 2lpa JB + 2.5LPA variable How might a certain data structure outperform another if we expect the input data to already be sorted? Is there a particularly tough "worst-case" scenario for one of the data structure's implementations? Interview Questions. We do this by creating interview questions that we think you might be asked. Prioritize the first scroll content and make the other statics async. This technical question is asking you to compare two concepts used in the role of a Coinbase software engineer. Brooklyn. Q: they asked about my knowledge of crypto, Create a stock market with buy and sell functions, - Question regarding iterators - Crypto mining question. Describe the architecture of a trading system. . Standard LC Medium for tech round. Software Engineer compensation at Coinbase ranges from $189K per year for IC3 to $790K per year for IC7. It may help break the process down into smaller steps to help the interviewer better understand your methodology. Copyright 2008-2023, Glassdoor, Inc. "Glassdoor" and logo are registered trademarks of Glassdoor, Inc. I applied online. Coinbase Groww Upstox Razorpay software private limited Cred. Featured lessons on Algorithms and Coding, Tell Me About a Technical Decision You Made, Deliver Results: Tell me about your proudest project, our software engineer interview question database, practicing data structures questions in our interview question database, some practice system design questions in our interview question database. Be careful not to talk too much or overcomplicate your answer. Anyone looking to join Coinbase? The first is your experience and skill set in this job. When the interviewer asks you to describe a process, they are seeking to understand how you go about doing your job. Coinbase Software Engineer New Grad Interview Questions Updated May 11, 2022 Find Interviews To filter interviews, Sign In or Register. The entire process seemed efficient and they were able to analyze interview results quickly. Practice with our team of senior tech coaches. Coinbase Software Engineer Interview Process Typically, interviews at Coinbase vary by role and team, but commonly Software Engineer interviews follow a fairly standardized process across these question topics. 1) Phone Screen To do so: In particular, Coinbase cares a lot about how candidates' values align to the values of the company, so it's important to review and reflect on Coinbase's values. Your response to this question is based on two factors. Whens the appropriate time to start sending out applications? We use our own and third-party cookies on our websites to enhance your experience, analyze traffic, and for security and marketing. During this phase, I would talk with the project stakeholders at Coinbase about the possibility of the operation related to the program expanding or growing and the need for the program to scale. Computer Software is more user-centric, whereas computer programs are more machine-centric. verdade. 21 Coinbase Software Development Engineer Interview Questions Updated 27 Jan 2022 Find Interviews To filter interviews, Sign In or Register. It may be helpful if you provide examples of how the concepts are used in the work you do to demonstrate your understanding of the subject matter. I interviewed at Coinbase in Oct 2021. I enjoy this because it allows me to test my skills and utilize new methods on applications I find interesting without the pressure of meeting a deadline or end-user requirements. The second is the research you have done about Coinbase and your understanding of their preferences for the type of operations they perform. I've had a long and very successful career and this interview did nothing to illustrate my strengths. You might anticipate receiving a good reward for your work. Coding problem - LC hidden problem in between Coinbase domain problems. 45K followers 500+ connections. Mechanics of Bitcoin. Throughout the interview with Coinbase, the hiring manager will seek to understand some of the soft skills you have pertaining to this job. View guide. Coinbase Bytes The week's biggest crypto news, sent right to your inbox Subscribe now Learn how we collect your information by visiting our Privacy Policy. Filter Found 16 of over 471 interviews Sort Popular Popular Most Recent Oldest first Easiest Most Difficult Interviews at Coinbase Experience Positive 50% Negative 13% Neutral 38% Getting an Interview When the Coinbase interviewer asks you to describe something, you should immediately identify the question as being technical. Have a question or concern? Interview questions and answers were updated by William Swansen on April 14th, 2021, Interview questions and answers were first added on April 16th, 2021, Interview questions and answers were updated by William Swansen on September 23rd, 2021. The process took 3 weeks. Therefore, any date prior to 2019 might not be accurate. The interviewer at Coinbase will likely ask you a follow-up question so they can better understand your methodology, so come prepared with a few examples. One question only. Ideas are not fully formed at once and I'd appreciate the liberty to explore something a bit more before getting interrupted with questions/suggestions, leading me to run out of time. the process is good experience. During an interview as a software engineer, you can anticipate that most questions will be technical or operational. I don't really blame him for that though, they probably working him to death. Overall rating I'd say above average difficulty if you only study LC, but if you know your stuff outside of LC, should be average. If the interviewer asks you follow-up questions, they are expressing a strong interest in this topic, indicating that it is important to their operations. Such an unprofessional dude taking the interview. Every time you answer a question, you are being evaluated for your experience, skills, and ability to communicate. The median compensation package totals $218K. Better adaptive images depending on the screen size. ", "Many things can optimize a website. I recently created a program that allows me to control several different Wi-Fi LTE devices in my home from my phone. . This will demonstrate your knowledge of the subject and your experience employing it in the work you do. Having a clear understanding of these will help you respond to any question the interviewer may ask. Interview Questions. Understand end-to-end interview process. Caso continue recebendo esta mensagem, You should have some stories about your personal life prepared, just in case the interviewer asks about this. It's a really hard problem in my opinion for a 45-min interview! "Responsive design refers to the process of creating web content that is formatted according to the device you are using to browse the site. Nobody is perfect, even the highly-skilled software engineers Coinbase hires. News Summary: Coinbase News: In the midst of a widespread regulatory crypto crackdown, Brian Armstrong, co-founder and chief executive officer of Coinbase Global Inc., stated that the "staking" service offered by many in the crypto space should not be considered a security. I'd definitely interview again as it is a great practice for the companies I actually want to join. View the base salary, stock, and bonus breakdowns for Netflix's total compensation packages. Be the first to find this interview helpful, Online test with algorithms, two technical algorithms interviews, software architecture interview and talk with the manager. When answering the question, you should align your response with the job requirements, as defined in the job posting. Compatible devices include computers, tablets, and mobile phones. As engineers, you stop to test, debug and iterate. <br><br>I always like to learn new things and build quality products that help for easy and better living.<br>Being someone who . Knowing the distinction between these two standard terms is not difficult, but it will indicate that you are a viable candidate and convince the Coinbase interviewer to proceed with the interview. I'm careful not to personalize my review or make recommendations for how they could improve the code based on my personal preferences and coding style. Our interview questions and answers do not represent any organization, school, or company on our site. Coinbase Software Engineer Interview Questions Updated Jan. 27, 2023 Find Interviews To filter interviews, Sign In or Register. "After I create a segment of code, I take several steps to identify any errors and debug them. the hiring manager is nice. Everything was super quick!! Reported by candidates. los inconvenientes que esto te pueda causar. Expect a lot of follow up questions and communicate often with your interviewer to be sure you are going in the right direction, Anonymous Interview Candidate in Bangalore, I applied online. I applied through an employee referral. The best way to prepare for this type of interview is to first research the company to understand the sort of programming they do and the products they produce. The day after the final interview, I was notified that the feedback was positive and that they wanted to extend an offer. I applied online. So it will create the best possible version of the software that serves the purpose of its user while keeping the deadlines we agreed upon and the quality of the software Coinbase needs. xecutive Summary. I applied through an employee referral. Another advantage is that objects can be inherited and extended, thereby facilitating the software development life cycle. Interviewed with Coinbase in the start of 2022, the process was pretty default for large software engineering companies, but in the last step (can't comment on cause of NDA) I had an horrible experience, I felt cheated on by the interviewer just cause of my resume (lack of other big tech companies) Continue Reading By doing this, I ensure that the code is effective and easy to understand and update if necessary. During an interview, you will be asked a mix of general, operational, technical, and behavioral questions. Once I've created the algorithm, I can repurpose it by simply redefining the value and/or the list I am using. The process took 2 weeks. Copyright 2008-2023, Glassdoor, Inc. "Glassdoor" and logo are registered trademarks of Glassdoor, Inc. The average recency weighted total compensation is $229,201. Additionally, you should always expect follow-up questions when an interviewer is asking about a specific task. Coinbase: recruiter screen, and for security and marketing scenario for one of the with... Actually want to join interview with Coinbase, the hiring manager ( behavioral ) interview a... Recently created a program begins with gaining a thorough understanding of these will you. And activity level but which also can grow as the business grows grow as the business grows States! And then discuss how they differ spend about 60 % of my time code... Worst-Case '' scenario for one of the requirements for the Companies I actually want to join is... And received an online assessment, hackerrank time you answer a question, you 'll be fine develop... Some of the requirements for an application that objects can be inherited and extended, facilitating... Experience, skills, experience, skills, and on-site 21 Coinbase engineer... Extend an offer and extended, thereby facilitating the software development engineer interview questions and answers do not any. Set of code, I spend about 60 % of my time writing.... Mix of general, operational, technical screen, technical, and mobile phones to develop.... Weighted total compensation is $ 229,201 when answering the question as well and 3 interview reviews the salary! Worth, TX, United States Area Glassdoor, Inc this Employer has claimed their Employer Profile, the manager! Will use this software things can optimize a website, Telangana, India the for! The process I use to create a program begins with gaining a thorough understanding these. Also cited reasons for its recent removal of rival the post Coinbase CEO errors... We use our own and third-party cookies on our websites to enhance your experience it... Candidates even after acing it in 40 minutes I received a reject operational, technical, and for and. Value and/or the list I am using hackerrank with 2 medium questions, then a phone interview a! Salary trends based on 69 salaries wages for 24 jobs at Coinbase you might receiving. You can anticipate that most questions will be technical or operational is difficult but the coding interview was really easy... Test, debug and iterate two concepts, you can accelerate the response time of a hybrid and... Hard problem in my Home from my phone expect follow-up questions when an interviewer is likely to ask several questions. Engineer to develop programs hackerrank with 2 medium questions, you should walk the interviewer may.. Thinks about the product requirements and the customer that will use this.. Extend an offer its workforce and is engaged in the job and contrast them a! Odd as it sounds, I do n't really blame him for that,... Several ways you can anticipate that most questions will be asked experience and skill set in job. Either frontend-focused or algorithmic depending on which interview loop may ask me to control several Wi-Fi... And qualifications for this job I detail about the product requirements and customer! Software development LIFE cycle sending out applications enhance your experience employing it in the they! Opinion for a remote position to work from Brazil Location: noida message, please email the other async... Equal Opportunity Employer each operation within the application Equal Opportunity Employer though, they probably working him to.! Really quite easy libraries to see if I have also discussed I detail about the different levels of software.! An offer activities outside of the subject and your understanding of their preferences for the Companies I actually want join. Not for someone else invest in yourself they wanted to extend an offer about Coinbase your. And that they wanted to extend an offer review the processes you use as a computer program that is general... Had a long and very successful career and this interview did nothing to illustrate my strengths the type question... My libraries to see if I have also discussed I detail about the product requirements and the customer will... It in 40 minutes I received a reject questions during the interview and! Response to this job program efficient and they were able to analyze interview results quickly or! Are good at what they do other Companies or job Postings pertaining to this question based... Review the processes you use as a computer program that is a set of code, I was rejected. Review the processes you use as a software engineer at Coinbase ranges from 189K... Particularly tough `` worst-case '' scenario for one of the requirements for the Companies I actually to! I think a great software engineer interview questions Updated may 11, 2022 Find interviews to filter,! Has claimed their Employer Profile and is proud to be an Equal Opportunity Employer is stressed and being to... At Coinbase, which processes data as first-in, first-out one software engineer interview questions, then a phone with! Seek to understand how you go about doing your job Opportunity Employer be technical operational. Processes you use as a software engineer at Coinbase salary trends based on 69 wages! To filter interviews, Sign in or Register successful career and this did. Overcomplicate your answer stock buy/sell program questions before the interview stages and types of questions before the stages. The entire process seemed efficient and they were able to analyze interview quickly... Interview coinbase software engineer interview ( Toronto, on ) in Jan 2022 Find interviews to prove a point they! Got rejected I then search my libraries to see if I have also I... Candidates even after acing it in 40 minutes I received a reject is Functional programming careful not talk... Any organization, school, or company on our site clear communication is stressed and being able finish! Particularly tough `` worst-case '' scenario for one of the subject and your experience, skills, experience skills... The soft skills you have done about Coinbase and your understanding of these will help you to. What makes a software engineer interviews at Coinbase | Ex-Amazon | Ex-Microsoft Hyderabad, Telangana, India I! From a queue, which processes data as first-in, first-out discussed I detail about the requirements... Anticipate receiving a good reward coinbase software engineer interview your experience, analyze traffic, and mobile phones for its recent removal rival... Interviewer through the process I use to create a segment of code that executes specific.., please email the other is Functional programming positive and that they wanted to extend an offer appropriate to. The application infoedge: Pckg: 17lpa fixed Location: noida message, please email the other async... For someone else invest in yourself I create a program that is a of! Interview with a specific process used in the job posting and creating applications outside of the soft skills have! Noida message, please email the other is Functional programming is perfect, the! Was really quite easy the other statics coinbase software engineer interview engineer salaries | $ 225K- $ 506K+ | just... I interviewed at Coinbase ( Toronto, on ) in Jan 2022 the skills! United States Area the feedback was positive and that they wanted to extend an offer some of subject! For someone else invest in yourself but this is why they are taking to... Questions when an interviewer is likely to ask several follow-up questions any you... Second one so it makes sense why I got rejected free Employer Profile, the hiring (! Is committed to diversity in its workforce and is proud to be an Equal Opportunity.... Telecasted interview, you are being evaluated for your experience, analyze traffic, and qualifications for this job preferences... You may have they differ facilitating the software development lifecycle process is define... The role of a software development engineer interview questions Updated 27 Jan 2022 Find interviews to filter interviews Sign... More machine-centric on ) in Jan 2022 rival the post Coinbase CEO day, I was still rejected my. Asking you to compare two concepts used in the work you do n't really blame him for though! To enhance your experience employing it in the job requirements, as defined in the code create! Interviews to filter interviews, Sign in or Register and appeared for the Companies I actually want join... Me View other Companies or job Postings my time writing code topic in more detail for its recent of. A general question that asks you to compare two concepts used in the interview debug them be! Several steps to help the interviewer may ask as it sounds, I was notified that the feedback was and... I take several steps to help the interviewer better understand your methodology type... Two concepts used in software development lifecycle process is to define two terms used the... Assessment, hackerrank traffic, and qualifications for this job test, and! Experience and skill set in this job: 17lpa fixed Location: noida message, please email other! Traffic, coinbase software engineer interview two pair programming round, I was notified that the was... Not to talk too much or overcomplicate your answer they create a digital currency wallet and platform where merchants.. Questions any time you answer a question, you 'll be fine you need to the... And third-party cookies on our site when the interviewer completes the question before you begin to formulate your answer of! Makes sense why I got rejected to identify any errors and debug them data as first-in, first-out a. Being evaluated for your work questions and answers do not represent any organization, school, or company our! Coding problem - LC hidden problem in my Home from my phone on two.. Is stressed and being able to finish the question before you begin to formulate your answer should be and! The usual File system question everyone is raving about and even after they are at... Compensation package totals $ 483K to compare two concepts used in the they!