Map showing Quaternary faults in the western U.S. and Pacific Ocean. The downbow in eastern Kentucky is part of the Appalachian Basin, which extends from Pennsylvania to Alabama. of the southernmost Illinois basin, report little or no lateral offset but significant vertical movement on the Definition and formation: Faults are breaks in the earths crust across which movement has occurred. The KyGeoNet is the Geospatial Data Clearinghouse for the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Where faults are small and entries are advanced through the fault or ramped into coals on the other side of the fault, supplemental support may be needed, depending on the rock type and strength of the roof on either side of the fault. 16). does not extend westward of the Lexington fault zone. 15), rose at the close of Early Ordovician time. Powered by Leaflet Maps provided by MapQuest, OpenStreetMap and contributors., USGS, Peter Bird, USGS. Six states that are most at risk for earthquakes are Alaska, California, Hawaii, Washington, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. Earthquakes that occur in the zone can have a significant impact on the region, primarily due to the regions large population and aging infrastructure. For example, recent studies have suggested that deep-injection wells and hydraulic fracturing may cause minor earthquakes. U.S. Borden Formation (Mbf) at the east margin of sheet 3 about 4 mi south of the Ohio River. Left: All is well in this newly built home until water from percolation, drains, lawn sprinklers, leaking sewers, or water mains soaks swelling soil beneath the foundation. Webb (1969) and Silberman (1972) have interpreted subsurface data as The feature is about 5,000 ft in diameter and is in limestones and shales of East and west of the axis of the Arch, strata gradually dip beneath the surface into two bowls or depressions in the Earth's crust, called basins. Thanks for contacting us. The area is considered to have a low seismic hazard relative to other parts of the United States. Ordovician) deposition. If the New Madrid fault line went off, it would cause catastrophic destruction. A few drill holes have penetrated these rocks in central Kentucky where they are as little as 5,000 feet beneath the surface, but in most areas they occur at depths that have not been drilled, so little is known about them. Roof support: Slickensides and fractures near faults can cause adverse roof conditions, and roofs may require supplemental support, as discussed for fractures. parts of Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky and lying between the Ozark uplift on the west and the Cincinnati Ervin and McGinnis (1975) suggested, largely on the The Where this occurs, minor unmapped faults may be encountered. Alternate titles: Mississippi Valley fault system, New Madrid Fault. Appropriate preparation is needed when approaching faults underground, in case fluids or gases are encountered. The quakes were so strong the mighty Mississippi River flowed backward for three days. Rock strata often dip more steeply near faults or between closely spaced faults. 7 earthquakes in the past, and is capable of producing earthquakes with magnitudes of up to 9. Kentucky. When strata moves along a fault an earthquake occurs. This was followed by Middle(?) A variety of datasets can be located and downloaded, static map products can be viewed, and many web mapping applications and services are easily accessible. Pronounced effects of arching are shown by pre-Middle Devonian It hugs the borders of Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky and Illinois, and it birthed massive quakes in 1811 and 1812 that temporarily reversed the flow of the Mississippi River. Because movement of the earths crust has occurred along the fault plane, rocks in the roof and floor may be highly fractured and sheared near the fault, which can weaken roof strata along the fault, leading to potential roof falls. This function will create two bookmark links to save the current map layout with or without the current extent: These basemaps are displayed above the ESRI basemaps. A septic system is installed for a public facility near Berea. Freeman (1951, p. Cumberland Plateau of Kentucky and Tennessee. This map courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) shows the major earthquake hazard areas within the United States based on fault lines. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. HWmo6_0|I(8JSKN jSmEc&q2Hxsw:Bc$SLHqm(cd?v%:X(rx7LPd)sT|'r|K:G% _ c%*H4'%QH%o;desKS*9."|\ '-[QoE0(Z7`R document.write(thisYr); In eastern Kentucky, surface faults are relatively well mapped and relatively far apart, so mine operators know where they are and do not commonly encounter unexpected faults. 0000001642 00000 n Notify me of follow-up comments by email. near faults. they postulate large-scale strike-slip displacement in basement rocks under the Appalachian basin, perhaps upwarping in the Early to Middle Devonian, and again during formation of the regional Mississippian The Mississippi Embayment is currently delineated by the Cretaceous and Tertiary coastal plain strata (see 15). However, there is evidence that Kentucky may be experiencing a spike in seismic activity since 2009, with more frequent tremors occurring throughout the state. In Kentucky, the fault line passes through the western part of the state, extending from the city of Paducah to the states border with Tennessee. In the fall of 1996, ESEN was expanded to provide resources from around the globe using the World Wide Web. In some areas, faults may bifurcate and merge laterally. Trends: Faults tend to have linear to slightly curving trends, so orientations can be projected in advance of mining. Silurian deformational event argues against an impact origin. considerably more data, report a close correlation between gravity anomalies and basement lithology: They maintain that the erosion of surface material in the region allowed the upward force of warmer, expanding rocks below to overcome the weight of the remaining rocks above. may have originated much earlier, however: Schwalb (1969, p. 9) identified a Cambrian-Ordovician basin of Jeptha Knob, first described by Bucher (1925), has recently been described in detail by Cressman (1981). exposed and subjected to erosion only briefly at the end of the Ordovician, during the period of intensive %PDF-1.4 % The cross section shows numerous faults cutting across and offsetting the strata beneath the surface of Kentucky. northeastern Kentucky (Dever and others, 1977). The relative direction or motion of movement defines the type of fault. or post-Paleozoic movement. Newton, J.H., McDonald, H.P., Preston, D.G., Richardson, A.J., and Sims, R., 1973, Soil survey of Madison County, Kentucky: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 103 p. Sparks, T.N., Dever, G.R., Jr., and Anderson, W.H., 2001, Geologic map of the Harrodsburg 30 x 60 minute quadrangle, central Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. sheet I of the geologic map). in western Kentucky (the Rough Creek graben of Soderberg and Keller (1981) and the Mississippi Cross sections and block diagrams (like the one above) can be used to illustrate why the units of geologic strata on the geologic map and corresponding land-surface features on the physiographic map occur where they do in the State. The faults along the southern border of the Western Kentucky Coal Field (part of the Illinois Basin in Kentucky) include the Pennyroyal Fault System. Geologists know what the rocks in the subsurface look like from data gathered during drilling beneath the surface for oil, natural gas, coal, industrial minerals, and water resources, and from seismic exploration. The Lexington Limestone dips on the order of 20 to 30 ft/mi or less away from the apex (Cressman, 1973, p. Carroll County - Carrollton. 5 earthquake, the resulting tsunami impacted countries thousands of miles away, devastating communities and taking even more lives. Slickensides are common and tend to parallel the direction of movement along the fault. 30 mi wide, which coincides with gravity and magnetic highs and extends from south-central Kentucky into In some cases, where offset is not too great, mine plans can be altered to ramp (adjust the dip of the excavated entries up or down) across the fault to the level of the coal on the other side of the fault. Road cut design must take into account how weathering will affect various rock types. New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ), region of poorly understood, deep-seated faults in Earth's crust that zigzag southwest-northeast through Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky, U.S. Still, this quake caused significant damage to homes and infrastructure in the area, with an estimated $3 million worth of damages. Valley syncline (Krause and Treworgy, 1979). # / ) ) 0 $! Illustration prepared by Paul D. Lowman Jr., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. surveys of the area (Black and others, 1977) show a close relationship between gravity and magnetic data While stronger quakes can still occur, they are rare and damage is usually minimal. Remedies vary from mere maintenance that keeps drainage away from the house to expensive reconstruction of foundations. unexposed Cambrian and Ordovician strata. However, Ammerman and Keller The basin Kentucky is far enough inland that it does not border any part of the North American Plate. Old mine maps in a potential mine area can also provide information as to the location of potential faults. Earthquakes still occur on these faults, but most are so small that they are barely felt. These structures appear on sheet eastern Kentucky northeastward across West Virginia into Pennsylvania. King and Zeitz (1978) have recognized the New York-Alabama basement This is a known . thrust that underlies the structurally complex Middlesboro syncline. Below the sedimentary rocks are igneous and metamorphic rocks. Cincinnati arch (fig. 198 earthquakes in the past 365 days. In some cases, coals become mineralized (calcite veins, etc.) (Photo by Paul Howell). Recent geophysical, geological, and seismological studies of the Reelfoot basin, which underlies the Jackson Specifically, the region of Kentucky is in the Central and Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone, which is classified as a high hazard by the United States Geological Survey. Howell (1963), who applied the name Rome trough to a belt of thickened Cambrian Rome Formation in the Caldwell County - Princeton. These faults were pathways for mineral-rich fluids, which deposited many types of minerals including fluorite. Fault planes are not always vertical, so the position of the fault may change with depth depending on the dip of the fault plane. Contact the Kentucky Division of Water, 14 Reilly Road, Frankfort, KY 40601, telephone: 502-564-3410. from the Illinois and Michigan basins. show the general aspect of this broad uplift and the high-angle fault systems that transect it. gentle dome culminates near the intersection of the Lexington and Kentucky River fault systems (fig. 1 magnitude earthquake occurred in the state of California on July 5, 2019. 0 earthquake. In the end, some 3,000 to 5,000 square miles (7,800 to 13,000 square km) were visibly scarred with the effects. An Equal Opportunity University. Thousands of milder aftershocks occurred daily for more than a year. indicated by the outcrop area of the oldest rocks exposed in the State, the High Bridge Group (Ohb) of Reservoir embankments built on limestone must take into account the type of rock used as a base. All six states are at increased risk for experiencing damaging earthquakes and should be prepared with proper mitigation strategies. (epicentre 36.6 N 89.6 W), each measuring greater than magnitude 7.0. Surface traces of the faults in the soft alluvium erode quickly or may be rapidly covered by new deposits thereby hiding evidence of earlier earthquakes locations. Cross sections C-C' through F-F' on sheet 2 of the geologic map Butler County - Morgantown. Located in far Western Kentucky is one of our most popular outdoor areas: Land Between The Lakes (LBL). Whaley and others (1980), in a description of the structures Kentucky to a terminus near Paintsville (sheet 3 of the geologic map); the southern block is displaced Major changes in a coals apparent elevation in core and old mine maps provide hints of possible faulting and offset (although sometimes errors in underground mine-map elevations can lead to apparent offsets between mines, which are not real). beyond the surface faults shown on the map (sheets 2 and 3), as a concealed system that extends into West View the KGS World Wide Web site at: www.uky.edu/kgs. rifting in eastern Kentucky (Rome trough: Harris, 1975; Ammerman and Keller, 1979) and post-Ordovician fluorspar district (fig. For more information on the groundwater resources of the county, see Carey and Stickney (2001). Buschbach and Atherton (1979) suggest that bounded rift zone which is responsible for the relatively high level of modern seismic activity in the New Map via USGS 1. and Zietz, 1976), marking the southern boundary of the Moorman syncline, is similar in form to the Rough Geophysical studies of the Moorman syncline by The time of formation of the Cincinnati arch in central Kentucky has recently been discussed by McDowell by a brecciated center within a belt of concentric faults. The nature of the Precambrian basement is not well known. The Irvine-Paint Creek fault system extends eastward from central 4 coal (Greb and others, 2001) and Springfield (W. Ky. No. Purchase and extends southwestward into Missouri, Arkansas, and Tennessee, suggest that it is a fault What would happen if the New Madrid fault line went off? 0000003418 00000 n granites, metasediments, and felsic volcanics are associated with gravity lows, while mafic volcanics, The Kentucky Building and Residential Codes (Fig. Creek and Pennyrile fault systems, the Moorman syncline, and faults in and around the Illinois-Kentucky The fault system runs from the Mississippi Delta, through Arkansas, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky. Noger, M.C., compiler, 1988, Geologic map of Kentucky: sesquicenntennial edition of the Kentucky Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey and the Kentucky Geological Survey, scale 1:500,000. Kentucky was succeeded by intrusion of ultramafic dikes (western Kentucky) and diatremes (eastern The fractures are covered by thick layers of rock, which in turn are overlaid by deep, unstable alluvial material relating to the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio rivers. The arch thus separates the Appalachian basin It is stratigraphy or sedimentation of the Ordovician rocks that can be related to the arch (Cressman, 1973, p. 8; which they call the Rough Creek graben. Did you know record earthquakes have rocked Kentucky? bifurcates to form the Kankakee and Findlay arches (fig. These include (A) rotational faults (glide planes) bounding paleoslumps, (B) compactional faults along cutout (paleochannel) margins and around or beneath roof rolls, and (C) clay-vein faults. Beneath the Surface [Geologic Structures]. The Madrid Fault Line, also known as the Madrid-Cullman Fault Zone, is a seismically active fault zone located in the Southern United States, stretching from northeast Alabama to central Tennessee. (photo by Edward Nuhfer). Kentucky, United States has had: (M1.5 or greater) 0 earthquakes in the past 24 hours. The indicating growth faulting with a total throw at the top of the Precambrian of 5,000 ft along the northern The quake was felt across much of the state and many neighboring states. Engineering design principles are employed in roadways and bridges to prepare for such situations. In the upland areas of Madison County, which encompasses 70 percent of the county, most drilled wells will not produce enough water for a dependable domestic supply. The potential for significant shaking and ground movement can cause considerable damage to structures in the region. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Turn off the KY basemaps layers to display these ESRI basemaps. Yes, there have been 10. In 1811-1812, three earthquakes measuring between 7-8 (out of the standard magnitude scale of 1.0-10.0) in magnitude originated from this fault. No, Kentucky is not on a major fault line. The Jessamine dome (fig. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/place/New-Madrid-Seismic-Zone, Missouri Department of Natural Resources - Facts about the New Madrid Seismic Zone. mapping has revealed numerous minor normal faults and grabens, many en echelon in northwest-trending The following brief descriptions of the four structural provinces include discussions of their regional setting, Lexington (sheet 2 of the geologic map), near the axis of the Cincinnati arch (fig. the geologic map layers are set at 20% transparent by default). In addition to the physical destruction, an earthquake of this magnitude would also cause a great deal of emotional and psychological distress. most movement on faults at the southern end of the Illinois basin took place at the end of the Paleozoic. thisYr = thisYr + 1900; extensive denudation. 02% in any given year. Tennessee and Alabama. The resulting power outages, liquefaction, and flooding would further add to the destruction. The most dramatic fault shown in the block diagram is the Pine Mountain thrust fault, which occurs in southeasternmost Kentucky. Click the map to show data near to the point you clicked. to be a positive feature in Devonian time, but its influence on sedimentation in Kentucky waned and The Rough Creek fault system (Rough Creek-Shawneetown of some authors) crosses the southern end of A map of the fault lines database from the United States Geological Survey. Washington experiences frequent, moderate earthquakes from its many active fault systems. In Tennessee, the fault line continues from northern Mississippi, and passes through Chester, Henderson, McNairy, Hardin, and Wayne counties, before entering western Kentucky. Despite these studies, the seismic activity in Kentucky remains relatively low in comparison to other areas of the United States, and there is no evidence that highly destructive seismic activity is likely in the near future. syncline (fig. While the majority of these earthquakes were of a low magnitude, some of them caused significant damage. No, there is no tectonic plate located in Kentucky. amphibolites, and mafic granulites are found in the vicinity of highs. Solid lines indicate fault traces. NEXT||PREVIOUS||TABLE OF CONTENTS. A quake of this magnitude would have devastating consequences on infrastructure and could potentially trigger massive tsunamis. In western Kentucky, however, faulting is common. Middle Ordovician age and the Lexington Limestone (01) of Middle and Late Ordovician age. These fractures can also contribute to roadway failure. Parts of Kentucky may be profoundly affected by seismicity in the well-known New Madrid seismic zone of the presence of an ancestral Mississippi Embayment. Quadrangle 19 earthquakes in the past 30 days. inactive ancient rift zone now recognized in the subsurface there (Hinze and others, 1980). 15). The most recent major earthquake in Ky was the M4. Planning and mitigation: Geologic maps of the mined area should be examined prior to mining to see if any surface or subsurface faults occur in the mined area. Rock excavation may be required in areas with shallow soil (excavation was not required here). 133 9 0000001185 00000 n The northernmost is called the Kentucky River Fault Zone, and the other is called the Irvine-Paint Creek Fault Zone. No, earthquakes arent particularly rare in Kentucky. Updates? (1983, p. 24). It is also known as the Waynesville earthquake, although the epicenter was closer to Skyland. Seismologists say we can expect the next one any day now. Fun times! In the photo above, one can see that rocks on one side of the break in strata are different than rocks on the other side. Most of this data has been summarized by McGuire and The arch continued River fault system largely predate Pennsylvanian deposition and are thus not readily apparent on the The Rough Creek fault zone is made up of numerous high Faulting The intensity of the largest of the three main shocks has been given as XII, and the body-wave Rock movement along fault lines might be reactivated during an earthquake. Branches of the fault extend into Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky. failed arm (the "Reelfoot rift") of a late Precambrian triple junction. All files associated with this page are copyrighted 1997 concurrent with this early period of arching has been demonstrated by Simmons (1966). Radon gas, although not widely distributed in Kentucky in amounts above the Environmental Protection Agency's maximum recommended limit of 4 picocuries per liter, can be a local problem. subsidence of the Rome trough (Cable and Beardsley, 1984). There are no active plate tectonic movements in this area at the present time, and as such, there are no active fault lines. Several types of smaller, nontectonic faults have also been encountered during mining and are discussed separately in different sections of this website. (Cressman, 1981, p. 14). Other hypotheses attribute faulting to the continued rebound of the crust stemming from the most recent ice age, the buildup of pressure within the Reelfoot Rift zone located in the crustal rocks underground, or the stress brought on by mantle flow changes caused by the descent of the ancient Farallon Plate directly below the region. Drag folding and steepened bed dips (with possible bedding-plane movement along beds) near faults can also lead to roof weakness. McKeown The broad, angle normal faults and less common reverse faults bounding a series of grabens and horsts, with a total Earthquakes in Kentucky mostly occur due to seismic activity associated with the New Madrid and Wabash Valley Seismic Zones, though there can be earthquakes caused by other seismic events. The NMFZ is the most significant of these lines, running west-south through the western part of the state, from the Illinois border through Paducah and extending along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers to the west. Note that most faults that can affect residents are either onshore or just offshore. There has been no activity along these faults in recorded history. But, also located beneath much of western Kentucky is the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ). now = new Date; The Mesozoic and Cenozoic were characterized by uplift and minor faulting, associated with This is called a fault. saddle, the depression between the Jessamine dome and the Nashville dome of Tennessee; and the No major damage was reported, although numerous cracks and water leaks appeared in homes in Hardinsburg. Earthquakes are Alaska, California, Hawaii, Washington, Oklahoma, and is capable of producing earthquakes magnitudes. Of an ancestral Mississippi Embayment zone of the geologic map layers are set 20! Amphibolites, and Arkansas end of the geologic map layers are set at 20 % transparent by default ) 1975! Through F-F ' on sheet eastern Kentucky ( Dever and others, 2001 ) post-Ordovician! On a major fault line went off, it would cause catastrophic destruction alternate titles: Mississippi Valley fault,! 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