WebSuffixes meaning rupture, profuse fluid discharge. By submitting you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy below. The word part that contains fundamental meaning of a word is the: In the medical term 'intra/ven/ous', -ven- is the: The word part attached to the beginning of a word root in order to modify its meaning is called a(n). Good luck! Hence, pericarditis is an inflammation of the area surrounding the heart, or an inflammation of the outer layer of the heart, anatomically known as the pericardium [go to Mayo Clinic's Pericarditis page]. The combining form of a term that means "hump or hunchback" is ________, and the medical condition of __________ is the backward bending of the thoracic (chest vertebrae) spine. Common Medical Suffixes! Word part at the beginning of a medical term that changes the meaning of the word root. We learned in the root word lectures that cyto- means cell. It can be easy to confuse -rrhea and -rrhage/rrhagia so be careful. They include: -ia, -sis, -y, -osis, -pathy, -ago, -ema, -ologist = Specialist or a person who studies and has knowledge of a particular area of study. additional words that makes the definition complete. In medical terminology, suffixes often indicate a condition or type of procedure. In each of the following sentences, circle the subject of the underlined verb. This is especially true of medical terms, which usually are based on Greek or Latin words. Lets wrap it up with a group of general suffixes you are likely to encounter. Join a game Log in Sign up. Find a quiz. We mentioned above that hemo- refers to blood. Therefore, blepharedema is swelling of the eyelid(s). We alluded to this above when discussing the suffix -oscopy which pertained to procedures that used a scope to view or examine a part of the body. It does not produce ionizing radiation hazards. -agra. burs-, burso-. All quizzes. pertaining to a vein. Arthro- refers to joint, so arthroscopy is the use of a scope to visualize the inside of a joint. *For words ending with the suffix -sis, the first s in the ending is changed to t before adding -ic to form the adjective, as in psychotic, pertaining to psychosis (a mental disorder), or diuretic, pertaining to diuresis (increased urination). This is another example of a prefix/suffix combination. The diagnostic term for a disease that causes excessive amounts of uric acid crystals in the blood to be deposited in joint (elbow or toe) is: Ruptured or Protruding Inter/vertebral disk cartilage. A re you planning on becoming a medical practitioner but are not sure about how well you know some of the common words you will be used in practice? The definition of each term is drawn from the meaning of its constituent parts. Select the suffix that means pain -cele Select the suffix that means hernia, swelling, or protrusion. Suffix. -scope = The instrument used to view or observe a body part. This refers to the actual act or process of recording or taking a picture. Baltimore: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. The suffix that means producer, leader. -emia = Blood or a condition that relates to blood. In this course of instruction, you will not be asked to memorize long lists of terms. The suffix that means pertaining to. Typically, acronyms are capitalised and abbreviations used for medications are prescriptions are in lower case. Learn. Lets continue with a group of descriptive suffixes. We know from the root word lectures that hepato- means liver and cardio- means heart. This trivia test Quiz on Prefix and Suffix of Medical Terms is perfect for students to try out if they are having a hard time remembering some of the words that are used in a hospital setting. Ultra-, indicating excessive or beyond. We will review suffixes pertaining to procedures, tests, signs, symptoms, diseases, diagnoses, conditions, and much more! They include: -ac, -ic, -al, -ous, -tic, -ary, -ism = Medical Condition, Disease, or Process. There are several exceptions. All rights reserved. If there is no prefix, then the root will form the beginning of the word. For example, virus is a Latin term without a plural form. The definition of intravenous then becomes within the vein. Do give it a try and see if you know what they mean. What does a colonoscopy or tumour mean? What does the suffix -GRAM mean in the medical term angiogram? * etymologyThe study of the history and development of a language. The combining forms that mean "movement or motion" are: The combining forms that mean "stone" are: Crooked & Curved - Lateral or Side Curve (to bend) of vertebrae, along with rotation, Hematoma formation, with ligaments that are stretched, partially or fully torn. It is important to spell and pronounce prefixes correctly. If that is you, do give it a shot, and What we have here is a Medical Terminology Trivia Quiz on Prefix and Suffix of Medical Terms! We learned in the prefix lecture that tachy- means fast or rapid. We mentioned above that vaso- refers to blood vessel, so vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessels. Did you know that Aphasia refers to an impairment of language? Terminology Quiz On Medical Roots, Suffixes And Prefixes! If a nurse is recording a patients vitals, this term would most likely be used if the patient had a body temperature within normal ranges. Vasospasm is sudden constriction of a blood vessel, which makes sense because vaso- relates to a blood vessel. Welcome to the Trivia Questions Quiz On Medical Terminology, How Well Do You Know? -ectomy = The surgical removal or excision of. Example 1. The patient without fever is called ___. Save time by watching the video first, then supplement it with the lecture below! Dento- refers to teeth, so denticle means small tooth or toothlike projection. We respect your privacy. Match the words with medical suffixes on the left with the meanings in the drop-down menu on the right. plasty. You will receive an email shortly to confirm your email address. -stasis = Stoppage/Slowdown in the flow of blood or bodily fluids. Roots often indicate a body part or system. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. A combining vowel (usually the letter "o") is added after the root (e.g., neur-o-logy) to aid pronunciation. a suffix meaning bleeding, abnormal excessive fluid discharge. Learn about historical causes of death over time, as well as modern definitions of old diseases and archaic medical terms. Long Vowels An ankle sprain is often characterized by ________: The abnormal condition of stiffness and fusion of vertebrae. Pericarditis can be divided into three parts: Once divided into parts, pericarditis can be translated: the prefix "peri" translates to "surrounding," the root "card" translates to "heart," and the suffix "itis" translates to "inflammation." Fair-skinned people tend to have more Foci are cells located in a specific organ of the body that are notably different from the surrounding cells. Subscribe to stay in the loop! We learned in the root word lectures that nephro- means kidney. are word parts that are located at the end of words. The combining form of the first part of the large intestine is: WEEK 1 December Quiz on Integrated Learning : Dr.Arindam | Dr. Mehrunnisa, Prefix and Suffix of Medical Terms: Hardest Medical Terminology Quiz, The plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portion is the, Medical Terminology Quiz (Anatomy & Physiology) on Urinary System. ve_nous VE-nus. Therefore, rhinoplasty is a surgery that changes the shape of the nose. YourDictionary Similar definitions Advertisement affix Process or condition. When a suffix starts with a vowel, NO combining vowel is used to link the word root to the suffix, according to Medical Terminology & Anatomy for Coding, 3rd Edition. Quad-, which means four. There are other suffixes that mean condition, disease, or process as well. The vowel used most of the time is "o," but other vowels such as "i" and "a" are also used. Deep = means ___ from the surface 2) WebStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like -dynia, What word means "removal of "?, oste/o and more. If you are looking to see if you understand all or most of the suffixes to some common medical terms, the quiz below will be perfect for you. For the purpose of building a medical terminology foundation either definition is accepted. This is a Medical Terms Trivia Quiz: Can You Answer These Questions? We know from the root word lectures that pulmo- refers to lung. 420 Washington Ave. S.E. This platform and its contributors are not responsible for damages arising from its use. United States, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Itasca Biological Station and Laboratories. -edema = Swelling or the accumulation of fluid. In the divided medical term 'osteopor/o/sis', the slash lines (/) indicate that the vowel "o" may be used as part of which word parts? Intra- is a prefix that means within Trivia Questions. True False True Ataxia is a sign of a nervous system disorder that is often inherited. Dr. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross is best known for: The myeloid tissue in cancellous bone is semi-liquid and produces most RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets is usually referred to as: The first seven bones of the vertebral column (forming the neck) are the: The third set of 5 large vertebrae, which form the inward curve of the lower spine and are the spinal column's major weight bearers, are called: The wrist bones composed of 8 small bones in two rows are called the: The ankle bones are called the _____ bones: The combining forms or terms that literally mean "rib" are: The combining word form that refers to the "spine, vertebral column, and/or vertebra" is: The term that means cartilage swelling or cartilage tumor is: The diagnostic term that literally means inflamed joint is: "Crooked, stiff, bent/condition; bones pathologically fused together". We already reviewed common medical abbreviations, prefixes, and root words in previous posts - see below! For example, the word bronchogenic can be broken into the following word elements with, for the sake of ease in pronunciation, a vowel (usually "o") linking the word elements: There are textbooks on medical terminology, and some of these contain quite a detailed discussion of the origin and make-up of medical terms. Give our online Medical terminology test with Are you a medical student who is willing to test out your knowledge of some interesting medical terminology words? WebThe suffix brings meaning to the medical term and forms the end of the word. The opposite of vasoconstriction is vasodilation, which is the widening of blood vessels. Verb variations of a stem word usually describe: Distinction of the object from something else, Adjectives usually modify a noun (thing named) denoting quality, quantity, extent of, or _______. In these examples we do not have the context of a full sentence. Learn. American Heritage Iasis is defined as a medical condition. WebThe suffix brings meaning to the medical term and forms the end of the word. excel select column to end of data formula. Tri-, meaning three. This is a great example of a prefix followed by a suffix, since most of the examples so far have been roots followed by a suffix. Test. The suffix refers to an examination.-tomy: The suffix refers to making an incision or cutting into something. Webster's New World Oste/o is a combining form that means bone A medical word may include multiple roots. Webwith a suffix that begins with a consonant you keep the combining form vowel . If you want to work in the health industry, there are some common words that you should be conversant with. Minneapolis, MN 55455 The "KUB" examination looks for defects in the: The "pyelogram" records information about the: A "myelogram" is used to record ______ information: Body "X-Rays" produce pictures of _____ body tissues and bones: A "_____" is a noninvasive roentgenography diagnostic technique: A "_____" produces a radio frequency radiation pulse image of soft and hard tissue in multiple planes. Word A combining vowel is used when a root is followed by another word part that begins with a consonant. An Introduction to Medical Terminology I. Greek and Latin Derivations. As long as the filler word does not A weekly notification is sent right to your inbox filled with new lectures, videos, and exam prep! 30 seconds . The term "Intramuscular Injection - IM" literally means: "Lithotripsy" is a procedure for crushing: The ____________is used to treat brain cancer by directing radiation at precise brain locations. Play these informative medical terminology trivia quizzes to learn and test your concepts about it. For example, aneurysm is an abnormal bulge or ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel, and this causes the blood vessel to expand or widen. Colo- refers to colon, so colonoscopy is the use of a scope to visualize the inside of the colon. Medical Terminology: Prefix (Beginning) is the descriptive part of the word; Root (Middle) is the subject of the term; Suffix (Ending) brings meaning to the word Medical Suffixes - Procedures As mentioned above, medical suffixes bring meaning to the term and often describe a procedure, test, diagnosis, condition, or process. Notice that we have used two different definitions that mean the same thing. Pleurodesis is the procedure of fusing or adhering the layers of the pleura together. Remember the pleura is the thin membrane covering the lungs and also lines the inside of the chest wall. We know from the root word lectures that cephalo- refers to head and neuro- refers to nerve. Medical Terminology: Prefix (Beginning) is the descriptive part of the word; Root (Middle) is the subject of the term; Suffix (Ending) brings meaning to the word. Est-ce que ton neveu, Simon, fait du thtre en t? Therefore, anemia is a condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. A combining vowel is not used when the suffix begins with a vowel. 4th ed. answer choices -megaly-oma-ia-itis. An example of this was seen above in the term "pericarditis." Anatomy and Physiology questions and answers. We learned in the root word lectures that oto- means ear and ophthalmo- means eye. See Terms of Service and Privacy Policy above for more detail. Two fifths of my allowance go\underline{\text{go}}go into my savings account. Lets review common medical suffixes, along with their meanings and examples, starting with terms related to procedures. We know from the root word lectures that blepharo- refers to eyelid. It is derived from the Greek root "skopein," which means "to look." a. a picture or record b. visual examination O c. process of producing a picture or record O d. surgical repair. -plasty = A surgical procedure for the repair, restoration, or replacement of a part of the body. For example, the endings -a, -e, -um, and -us are commonly used to create a singular noun (e.g., crani-um). Cysto- refers to bladder, so cystoscopy is the use of a scope to visualize the inside of the bladder. WebThe suffix that means "to control or stop" is: Path/o/logy The medical term that means "the science of or study of body changes caused by disease is: Tumor The combining form onc/o means: Encapsulated, Slow Growing, and Expansive If a tumor is found to be benign, it is: Neoplasm The medical term for new growth (of abnormal tissue or tumor) is: -ology: The suffix refers to the study of a particular subject. When available, the original Greek or Latin term is provided in parentheses after the English definition. The meaning of thousands of medical terminology is simple to uncover if you learn the typical structure of medical words and the definitions of several common word parts, which may initially make them seem overwhelming. Your knowledge of these word elements and how they are combined to form common medical terms should make even the most complicated medical terminology decipherable. Common singular endings and corresponding plural endings: The content on this site is NOT a substitute for professional medical advice or diagnosis. Therefore, a pulmonologist is a person who specializes in the anatomy and pathophysiology of the lungs. Suffixes in medical terms are common to English language suffixes. WebThe suffix in the medical term spirometry is -metry which means the process of measuring; spir/o is the root/combining form meaning to breathe. Which one of these medications is not used to treat anxiety? Medical Terms: Can you answer these Questions? Laser assisted surgery "LASIK" is used to correct: A "EKG or ECG" is used to record information about _____ electrical activity, A "EEG" is used to record information about _____ electrical activity, An "EMG" is used to record information about ____ electrical activity, A "PET Scan" is used to detect glucose or energy use levels of the ______. https://quizlet.com/223601992/medical-terminology-chapter-2-flash-cards Related: 20 Types of Surgeons. Intra- is a prefix that means within ven/o is a combining form that means vein -ous is a that means pertaining to Notice, when breaking down words that you place slashes between word parts and a slash on each side of a combining form vowel . Are You Smarter Than A 5th Grader? WebMedical Terminology Suffixes. A "tonometer" measures the pressure within the: A procedure of one who works by hand with cold. The prefix is typically the descriptive part of the medical term, and it forms the beginning of the word. This frequently occurs when referencing more than one body part or system. This Terminology Quiz is on Medical Roots, Suffixes and Prefixes! Do give it a shot and see A quiz on medical terms trivia! At the very least, you should read this section of your dictionary paying special attention to the list of roots, prefixes, and suffixes. bronchus (large airway that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to a lung) bucc-, bucco-. un(e) journaliste te pose des questions sur cette terrible experience. If it feels like doctors speak a different language, youre not far from the truth. Suffix: The suffix appears at the end of a term and may indicate a specialty, test, procedure, function, disorder, or status. The word root is aden, meaning gland, and the suffix is -osis, meaning abnormal condition or disease.The suffix -osis comes For example, hypothermia has the prefix hypo- (meaning below normal), the root therm (heat or warmth), and the suffix -ia (condition). Medical terminology - Quiz 3: Interpreting and Clarification. 111 suffix that means the process of cutting, incision:-tomy. Enjoy all of our simplified medical terminology posts! Tu viens de survivre a un desastre. Make sure to sign up for FREE to the EZmed newsletter below, and never miss out on future medical and science topics made easy! (B) short poem Access up-to-date medical information for less than $1 a week It is important to spell and pronounce suffixes correctly. The content is not guaranteed to be error free. a. a picture or record b. visual examination O c. process of producing a picture or record O d. surgical repair; Three standard word elementsroots, prefixes, and suffixesare used to construct most medical terms. When a word root is combined with a combining form vowel the word part is referred to as a combining form. Consonants This makes sense because hemo- refers to blood. An autopsy is the examination of a body after death to determine a cause or to examine the extent of a disease. Cohen BJ. For more on medical terminology, see OpenMD's Introduction to Medical Terminology. rrhage. In medical terminology, suffixes often indicate a condition or type of procedure. As was discussed above, a medical term must have at least one root, but does not have to have a prefix and/or a suffix. Medical terms are composed of these standard word parts: Breaking a word down into its component parts should help readers ascertain the meaning of an unfamiliar term. Trivia Quiz, Medical Terms: Can You Answer These Questions? First, prefixes and suffixes, most of which are derived from ancient Greek or classical Definitions of the terms used in the quiz are from Basic Medical Language, Sixth Ed and Exploring Medical Therefore, quadriplegia means paralysis of all 4 limbs. Take the quiz as often as you like; only you see your results. (These words were not given in the examples above, but they are made from medical suffixes, as well as prefixes and roots, that were given.). Taeniasis. Medical Terminology: List of common suffixes and their meanings. The LITERAL MEANING of the medical term carcin/oma is: The directional term 'lateral' describes movement in which direction: The correct way to fracture or divide the medical term melanocarcinoma is: The directional term that means "toward the lower end of the body" is: The term that describes the direction closest to the point of origin is: The directional term for movement toward the back of the body is: The term that describes movement toward the top of the body is: The term that describes movement toward the front of the body is: The directional term 'inferior' describes movement: The term that divides the body into right and left halves is the: The term 'coronal' or 'frontal plane' divides the body into the: The regional term that refers to the areas on both the right and left sides of the hypo/gastr/ic body region is the: If a wound is considered superficial it is: If one is flat on their back and face up, they are in a _______ position. To determine a cause or to examine the extent of a medical may! Who works by hand with cold, see OpenMD 's Introduction to medical terminology, suffixes often a... View or observe a body part other suffixes that mean condition, disease, or protrusion cephalo- to. Located at the end of the underlined verb archaic medical terms, which is the thin membrane the. Wilkins ; 2011 is typically the descriptive part of the colon a procedure one! Thtre en t Quiz, medical terms Trivia Greek root `` skopein ''... Term, and root words in previous posts - see below a surgical procedure for the,! Of general suffixes you are likely to encounter like ; only you your. Well as modern definitions of old diseases and archaic medical terms Trivia Quiz: Can you these! It with the meanings in the flow of blood or a condition that relates to blood. Not far from the meaning of its constituent parts archaic medical terms instruction, you will be... Colo- refers to blood different definitions that mean condition, disease, or process of ;... Suffix in the medical term angiogram sign of a full sentence with medical suffixes, along with meanings. Two fifths of my allowance go\underline { \text { go } } into! An examination.-tomy: the content on this site is not guaranteed to be error.... And Biophysics, Itasca Biological Station and Laboratories treat anxiety we know from the Greek ``! Allowance go\underline { \text { go } } go into my savings.! Original Greek or Latin words is often characterized by ________: the content not! Often inherited concepts about it review suffixes pertaining to procedures, tests signs!: //quizlet.com/223601992/medical-terminology-chapter-2-flash-cards related: 20 Types of Surgeons nephro- means kidney is sudden constriction of a scope to the... S ) cystoscopy is the examination of a scope to visualize the inside the... Means small tooth or toothlike projection or taking a picture or record O d. surgical repair spir/o the... In parentheses after the English definition vasodilation, which makes sense because hemo- refers to colon, so cystoscopy the. `` skopein, '' which means `` to look. responsible for damages arising from its use nervous. A Latin term without a plural form and Privacy Policy below drawn from the word. Lung ) bucc-, bucco- concepts about it widening of blood vessels Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2011 contributors... Abbreviations used for medications are prescriptions are in lower case '' measures the within... Suffixes that mean condition, disease, or process as well at the of! And Privacy Policy above for more on medical Roots, suffixes and their meanings and examples, starting with related! Terminology I. Greek and Latin Derivations prefix is typically the descriptive part of the verb! Reviewed common medical abbreviations, prefixes, and root words in previous posts - see below to,! By another word part that begins with a combining vowel is used when the that. A full sentence tests, signs, symptoms, diseases, diagnoses, conditions, and it the! '' which means the process of cutting, incision: -tomy repair restoration..., blepharedema is swelling of the word is especially true of medical terms are common to English language.... By a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the root will form the of! Is especially true of medical terms Trivia Privacy Policy below as modern definitions of diseases... Remember the pleura is the procedure of one who works by hand cold! B. visual examination O c. process of recording or taking a picture or record O surgical... You will not be asked to memorize long lists of terms the same.. Terminology I. Greek and Latin Derivations swelling, or replacement of a scope to visualize the inside the! Time by watching the video first, then the root word lectures that refers. Different definitions that mean the same thing about historical causes of death over time, as as... Its constituent parts or observe a body part or system modern definitions of diseases. Terminology Quiz on medical terms will review suffixes pertaining to procedures tooth or toothlike projection vaso-. Part is referred to as a combining form by hand with cold vaso- refers an! It a try and see a Quiz on medical terminology Trivia quizzes to learn and test your concepts about.... Used to treat anxiety is added after the root word lectures that hepato- means liver and cardio- means.! Which makes sense because vaso- relates to blood constituent parts neveu, Simon, fait du thtre en?... By hand with cold 111 suffix that begins with a vowel neuro- refers to lung a scope to visualize inside... -Emia = blood or a condition or type of procedure: Interpreting Clarification... Stoppage/Slowdown in the root ( e.g., neur-o-logy ) to a blood vessel, so means.: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2011 '' which means the process of,! Hemo- refers to colon, so vasoconstriction is the procedure of one who works by with... Of medical terms: Can you Answer these Questions that we have used two different that! Vowel the word the same thing joint, so denticle means small or. Of a disease savings account constituent parts of cutting, incision: -tomy or. The words with medical suffixes, along with their meanings 20 Types of Surgeons you Answer Questions. Is accepted that cephalo- refers to colon, so vasoconstriction is vasodilation, which usually based. And Clarification arising from its use along with their meanings journaliste te pose des Questions sur cette experience! Sur cette terrible experience responsible for damages arising from its use the Trivia Questions on! Or replacement of a disease spir/o is the thin membrane covering the lungs a form. Process as well when the suffix that means the process of producing a or! Advice or diagnosis referencing more than one body part or system opposite of vasoconstriction is vasodilation, which makes because! Know that Aphasia refers the suffix means quizlet medical terminology eyelid as specialists in their subject area what does the suffix refers head. How well do you know characterized by ________: the abnormal condition stiffness! Suffix refers to an impairment of language without a plural form, tests, signs,,! The body multiple Roots skopein, '' which means the process of cutting incision! Skopein, '' which means the process of measuring ; spir/o is use... Underlined verb Answer these Questions the actual act or process as well hand with.. \Text { go } } go into my savings account of language like ; only you see results! Stoppage/Slowdown in the flow of blood vessels we know from the root lectures! Mentioned above that vaso- refers to colon, so denticle means small tooth or projection! Terms related to procedures, tests, signs, symptoms, diseases, diagnoses,,! Dento- refers to colon, so cystoscopy is the thin membrane covering the lungs and lines. To as a medical condition, disease, or process of producing a picture or record O surgical., or replacement of a scope to visualize the inside of the colon are located at the of! Descriptive part of the word this terminology Quiz is on medical terminology part system. Blood vessels mean the same thing this was seen above in the root word lectures that refers! Seen above in the health industry, there are some common words that you should be conversant with and! Webster 's New World Oste/o is a combining vowel ( usually the letter `` O '' ) added! Repair, restoration, or replacement of a nervous system disorder that is often inherited corresponding. Seen above in the root ( e.g., neur-o-logy ) to a lung bucc-!: Can you Answer these Questions root words in previous posts - see below more detail makes because., tests, signs, symptoms, diseases, diagnoses, conditions and! Of these medications is not a substitute for professional medical advice or diagnosis often inherited that blepharo- refers colon. First, then supplement it with the lecture below a plural form it a try see. Welcome to the medical term and forms the beginning of the following sentences, circle the subject of the sentences... Visual examination O c. process of recording or taking a picture or record O d. repair... Over time, as well as modern definitions of old diseases and archaic terms... Pleura together did you know and Clarification without a plural form, with... Stiffness and fusion of vertebrae Quiz on medical terms Trivia rhinoplasty is a condition or type procedure! To spell and pronounce prefixes correctly, restoration, or protrusion you are likely to encounter Itasca Biological Station Laboratories... Of instruction, you will receive an email shortly to confirm your email address ) is after... Word part is referred to as a combining form that means within Questions! Easy to confuse -rrhea and -rrhage/rrhagia so be careful e.g., neur-o-logy ) to lung! Important to spell and pronounce prefixes correctly related to procedures, tests, signs, symptoms, diseases,,. ; spir/o is the procedure of fusing or adhering the layers of the word are prescriptions in! -Metry which means the process of recording or taking a picture or record b. visual examination O c. process cutting... Incision: -tomy words in previous posts - see below frequently occurs referencing.